【动词不定式】
形式:to+动词原形
特点:(1)无人称和数的变化(2)在句中不能作谓语(3)可以有自己的宾语或状语,构成不定式短语。
1、在begin/hope/start/wish/want/decide等词之后一般用动词不定式作宾语,而在ask/tell/invite/order/help等词之后一般用动词不定式作补足语。Help后可省略to.
例如:
He wants to buy an English dictionary.
Please ask him not to be late again.
Please help me(to)carry the box, will you?
2、在see/hear/watch/notice/let/make/have/feel等感观动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式,一般要省略to.
例如:The boss made him do heavy work.
注意:(1)上述动词用于被动语态时,to要还原。
例如:He was made to do heavy work by the boss.
(2)在上述动词的后面可用现在分词作宾补,但用现在分词和动词不定式所表示的意思不同。
I saw the boy climb the wall.我看见小孩爬墙了。(强调爬墙这件事,动作结束了)。
I saw the boy climbing the wall.我看见小孩正在爬墙。(强调爬墙的情景)
3、had better/why not +省略to 的动词不定式。
4、动词不定式常与特殊疑问句连用。
He did not know when to start.
We did not know how to get there.
5、特殊结构:
(1)would like/love to do 想要做某事
注意:feel like+ doing sth. 想要做…
(2)it is time (for sb.)to do sth.=it is time for sth.是干某事的时候了
(3)it takes sb.…to do sth.=sb. spend…(in)doing sth.花(时间)做某事
(4)too…+形容词+to do sth. 太…以至于不能…
(5)have…to do 有……要做(动词不定式作定语)
例如:I have a lot of homework to do.
(6)主语+be+(感情)形容词+to +动词原形
例如:I am glad to see you.
(7)it +be+(品行)形容词+of+人+to+动词原形
例如:It is very kind/nice/good of you to do so.
(8)形容词+enough +to+动词原形
例如:He is strong enough to move the stone.
【动名词】
特点:(1)无人称和数的变化;(2)在句中不能作谓语。
1、介词后面的动词形式必须是动名词。
例如:He sat there without saying word.
2、只能跟动名词作直接宾语的及物动词和短语有:
enjoy/finish/mind/practice/suggest/avoid/excuse/keep/can not help/feel like/give up/be used to/look forward to/be worth
3、既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作宾语的动词有:
A:stop/to do sth.(停下来做某事)/doing sth.(停止做某事)
例如:
We stopped talking when the teacher came in.老师进来的时候,我们停止说话。
We stopped to have a rest after a long walk.走了很长的一段路,我们停下来休息一下。
B:remember/to do sth.(记得去做某事)/doing sth.(记得做过某事)。
例如:
I remember to take the medicine at the right time.我记住要按时吃药。(还没吃)
I remember taking the medicine at the right time.我记得已按时吃过药了。(吃过了)
C:forget/to do sth.(忘记去做某事)/doing sth.(忘记做过某事)
例如:
I forgot to tell her about it.我忘了告诉她这件事。(没告诉)
I forgot sending the letter.我忘了发错信了。(已发过了)
D:try/to do sth.(试图)/doing sth.(试着干)
例如:
If you can not go to sleep, try to count from 1 to 100.
Have you ever tried cooking meat in this way?
【动词的时态】
1、根据时间状语确定谓语动词的时态。
与不同时态连用的时间状语如下:
(1)一般现在时:
usually/often/always/sometimes/every day/month等。
(2)现在进行时:
now/these days/months/this week等。When, while引导状语从句。
(3)一般将来时:
tomorrow/today, tonight/in……/soon等。
(4)现在完成时:yet/already/just/recently/ever/never以及for+一般时间短语和由since引导的表示时间的短语及时间状语从句。
(5)过去进行时:this time yesterday/at 8:00 yesterday/just now/those days等。
(6)过去完成时:by the end of last term/before that day以及由when/before/after/as soon as等引导的表示过去时间的状语从句。
注意:在不同的语境中,同一时间状语可能与不同的时态连用。
例如:
(1)He was reading a novel yesterday afternoon.昨天下午他在看一部小说。
(2)He read a novel yesterday afternoon.昨天下午他看了一篇小说。
2、根据语境确定谓语动词的时态
有时句子并未列出明确的时间状语,这就需要根据所表达的意思或者前后句的联系,来确定正确的时态。
例如:Be quiet! My brother is sleeping.(sleep)
根据“be quiet”,可以确定其后的句子应为现在进行时。
3、根据主从复合句的关系来确定从句谓语动词的时态。
(1)在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中,当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时,从句可以根据需要用任何时态;当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时时,从句只能用相应的某种过去时。但从句表示永恒的真理或客观存在的事实时,要用一般现在时。
例如:
The teacher said that Tom had passed the exam.
He said that light travels faster than sound.
(2)当主句是祈使句或者主句的谓语动词是一般将来时时,在时间条件状语从句中,一般现在时代替一般将来时。
例如:
Let us go out if it does not rain tomorrow.
She will see you as soon as she has time next week.
4、词语辨析
(1)have gone与have been的区别。
Have gone:表示主语已离开说话者所在的地点,并且在“去”的途中或者已经到达目的地。
Have been:表示主语去过某地又回来了。
例如:
He has gone to London.他去伦敦了(目前不在这儿)
He has been to London.他到过伦敦(目前回来了)
(2)just/just now
Just “刚才”,意为only a very short time ago与现在完成时态连用。
例如:I have just had my lunch.我刚吃过午饭。
注意:在非正式美国英语中,just也常常与一般过去时连用。
She just arrived.她刚到。
Just now意为a moment ago,通常和一般过去式连用。
I saw her just now.我刚才看到她了。
(3)终止性动词和延续性动词的用法。
终止性动词和延续性动词的相应转换形式如下:
Borrow-keep buy-have come(go)-be begin-be on
finish-be over open-be open join-be in die-be away
go to school-be a student/ be in school get up-be up
fall asleep-be asleep
例如:The old man has been dead for three years.
His brother has been in the army since two years ago.
I have kept the book for a week.
【动词的语态】
1、被动语态的形式。
被动语态由“助动词+实义动词的过去分词”构成,助动词be随着人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。
含有情态动词的被动语态形式:can(may/must)+be+过去分词
(1)主语+被动动词
被:Rice is grown in the south.
主:People grow rice in the south.
(2)主语+被动动词+宾语(或介词宾语)
被:I was given a book.
主:He gave me a book.
2、主动语态变为被动语态时应注意的几个问题。
(1)如果主语是疑问代词,变被动语时要加介词by.
主:Who cleaned the windows?
被:Who was the window cleaned by?
(2)如果主语不是动作的执行者,而是表示“所使用的物质材料”的名词,变为被动语态时,表示“物质材料”的名词前要加介词with.
主:Smoke filled the room.
被:The room was filled with smoke.
(3)如果句子中含有双宾语,变为被动语态时可以将其中任何一个宾语变为主语,另一个不变,但是将直接宾语变为主语时,要在间接宾语前加介词to.
主:She gave me an English book.
被:I was given an English book.(by her)或An English book was given to me(by her).
(4)在含有make/see/hear/watch/notice等感官动词或使役动词作谓语的主动语态句子中,动词不定式在这些动词后面作宾语时,常省略不定式符号to,但变为被动语态时,to不能省略(let除外)。
主:The teacher let me have a rest.
被:I was let have a rest by the teacher.
(5)如果宾语有短语或从句修饰,变为被动语态时,修饰成分应与宾语一同提前。
主:We clean the windows of our classroom once a week.
被:The windows of our classroom are cleaned once a week.
(6)如果宾语是从句,变为被动语态时,一般用it作形式主语,并放在句首。而宾语从句则变为主语从句,并放在句子的最后。
主:Mary said that she would come to see you.
被:It was said that Mary would come to see you.
(7)表示静态的及物动词have/cost/hold/know/fit等作谓语时,主动词不能变为被动句。
例:He has a new pen.
(8)look/become/get/turn等作系动词用时,主动句不能变为被动句。
例:He looks fine.
(9)直接宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,不能变被动句。
例:He can look after himself well.
(10)宾语是表示处所的名词时,不能变被动句。
例:He left Beijing by bus yesterday.
(11)宾语是动名词或动词不定式时,不能变被动句。
例:He has finished reading the book.